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Turismo e desenvolvimento sustentáveis : Cabo Verde-pós-colonial
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Cabo Verde, sendo um PEI, arquipelágico e relativamente isolado no Atlântico
médio, por estar geograficamente localizado na costa ocidental da África, sob a
influência do Sahel, dotado de parcos recursos naturais, financeiros e humanos,
aprendeu, ao longo dos mais de cinco séculos e meio da sua curta história, a
encontrar, exogenamente, a solução (de recurso) para os seus críticos problemas
de vulnerabilidade endógena.
Graças a este exigente perfil herdado e, posteriormente, reconstruído, os caboverdianos
aprenderam a fazer da fraqueza força. Assim, em trinta e três dos seus
quarenta e cinco anos de construção “autónoma” do seu próprio destino, Cabo
Verde conseguiu, a graduação de um país inviável para um PDM – País de
Rendimento Médio, tendo, ainda, no seio da “Ambição 2030”, a expetativa de
chegar a PD – País Desenvolvido.
Esta rápida ascensão deste PEI1, por muitos considerada como um autêntico
milagre, foi largamente alicerçada pelo seu setor turístico, uma das referências na
Macaronésia. Pelos efeitos diretos, indiretos e induzidos associados, o turismo foi,
naturalmente, eleito pelos sucessivos governos da segunda república, como sendo
o motor do desenvolvimento nacional, tendo experimentado um crescimento
exponencial, transformando-se, corolariamente, no centro de gravitação de toda
uma economia, de toda uma sociedade, responsabilizando-se, segundo BCV
(2020) e INE-CV (2020), autonomamente, por 25% de toda a riqueza nacional e
9% da totalidade dos empregos gerados em 2019.
Sendo, segundo o Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report de 2019, o 88.º
destino turístico mais competitivo do mundo, 6.º a nível da África e o 1.º no
contexto da CEDEAO, Cabo Verde é, paradoxalmente, confrontada com uma teia
de gritantes problemas intra e intersetoriais, os quais, vêm abrir um necessário
debate sobre uma hipotética dicotomia entre a competitividade e a
sustentabilidade do país, do setor turístico e dos agentes económicos.
É na sede deste desafiante debate entre o curto, o médio e o longo prazos que
reside a fundamentação e a metodologia para a presente investigação científica,
procurando, ao longo dos quatro capítulos desta tese, através da revisão de
literatura, estudos comparados no horizonte 1991-2020, mormente na
Macaronésia, inquéritos por questionário e entrevistas, convidar especialistas,
políticos, operadores, visitantes e visitados, para uma análise conjunta,
objetivando identificar os pontos fortes e fracos que serviram de alicerce na
edificação deste emergente destino turístico, bem como as oportunidades e
ameaças potenciais que, emanando, do atual modelo de desenvolvimento turístico
cabo-verdiano, possam garantir, a este PEI, o necessário foco local para cumprir
os ambiciosos ODS.
Cape Verde, being a SIS, archipelagic and relatively isolated in the Middle Atlantic, because it is geographically located on the west coast of Africa, under the influence of the Sahel, endowed with scarce natural, financial and human resources, has learned, over more than its five centuries and half of short history, finding, exogenously, the (resource) solution to its critical problems of endogenous vulnerability. Thanks to this demanding profile inherited and later rebuilt, Cape Verdeans learned to turn their weaknesses into strengths. Thus, in thirty-three of its fortyfive years of “autonomous” construction of its own destiny, Cape Verde has been able to go from a country considered to not be viable to a MDI – Medium Income Country, having, still, within the “Ambição 2030”, the expectation of being considered a DC - Developed Country. The rapid rise of this SIS2, considered by many to be an authentic miracle, was largely supported by its tourism sector, one of the references in Macaronesia. Due to the direct, indirect and induced effects associated with it, tourism was naturally elected by the successive governments of the second republic, as being the engine of national development, having experienced exponential growth, becoming, corollarily, the center of gravitation for a whole economy, of an entire society, being responsible, according to BCV (2020) and INE-CV (2020), autonomously, for 25% of all national wealth and 9% of all jobs generated in 2019. According to the 2019 Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report, the 88th most competitive tourist destination in the world, 6th in Africa and the 1st in the context of ECOWAS, Cape Verde is, paradoxically, faced with a web of glaring intra and intersectoral problems, which open a necessary debate about a hypothetical dichotomy between the competitiveness and sustainability of the country, the tourism sector and the economic agents. It is at the headquarters of this challenging debate between the short, the medium and the long-term that the rationale and methodology for the present scientific investigation resides, seeking, throughout the four chapters of this thesis, through the literature review, studies compared in the horizon 1991-2020, mainly in Macaronesia, questionnaire surveys and interviews, invite experts, politicians, operators, visitors and visitors, for a joint analysis, aiming to identify the strengths and weaknesses that served as a foundation in the construction of this emerging tourist destination, as well as the opportunities and potential threats that, emanating from the current Cape Verdean tourism development model, can guarantee, to this SIS, the necessary local focus to fulfill the ambitious SDGs.
Cape Verde, being a SIS, archipelagic and relatively isolated in the Middle Atlantic, because it is geographically located on the west coast of Africa, under the influence of the Sahel, endowed with scarce natural, financial and human resources, has learned, over more than its five centuries and half of short history, finding, exogenously, the (resource) solution to its critical problems of endogenous vulnerability. Thanks to this demanding profile inherited and later rebuilt, Cape Verdeans learned to turn their weaknesses into strengths. Thus, in thirty-three of its fortyfive years of “autonomous” construction of its own destiny, Cape Verde has been able to go from a country considered to not be viable to a MDI – Medium Income Country, having, still, within the “Ambição 2030”, the expectation of being considered a DC - Developed Country. The rapid rise of this SIS2, considered by many to be an authentic miracle, was largely supported by its tourism sector, one of the references in Macaronesia. Due to the direct, indirect and induced effects associated with it, tourism was naturally elected by the successive governments of the second republic, as being the engine of national development, having experienced exponential growth, becoming, corollarily, the center of gravitation for a whole economy, of an entire society, being responsible, according to BCV (2020) and INE-CV (2020), autonomously, for 25% of all national wealth and 9% of all jobs generated in 2019. According to the 2019 Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report, the 88th most competitive tourist destination in the world, 6th in Africa and the 1st in the context of ECOWAS, Cape Verde is, paradoxically, faced with a web of glaring intra and intersectoral problems, which open a necessary debate about a hypothetical dichotomy between the competitiveness and sustainability of the country, the tourism sector and the economic agents. It is at the headquarters of this challenging debate between the short, the medium and the long-term that the rationale and methodology for the present scientific investigation resides, seeking, throughout the four chapters of this thesis, through the literature review, studies compared in the horizon 1991-2020, mainly in Macaronesia, questionnaire surveys and interviews, invite experts, politicians, operators, visitors and visitors, for a joint analysis, aiming to identify the strengths and weaknesses that served as a foundation in the construction of this emerging tourist destination, as well as the opportunities and potential threats that, emanating from the current Cape Verdean tourism development model, can guarantee, to this SIS, the necessary local focus to fulfill the ambitious SDGs.
Descrição
Doutoramento em Development Studies
Palavras-chave
Turismo Cabo Verde Competitividade Sustentabilidade Desenvolvimento Tourism Cape Verde Competitiveness Sustainability Development
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Monteiro, José Luís Mascarenhas (2023). "Turismo e desenvolvimento sustentáveis : Cabo Verde-pós-colonial". Tese de Doutoramento. Universidade de Lisboa. Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão.
Editora
Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão